A Brooklyn artist collective called MSCHF is selling popsicles shaped to be the world’s leading billionaires: Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, Mark Zuckerberg, Bill Gates, and Alibaba co-founder Jack Ma. New Yorkers can now “Munch Musk,” “Bite Bezos,” “Gobble Gates,” “Snack on Jack” and even “Suck Zuck!”
Alas, "eating the rich," isn't cheap. The ice creams retail at its own inflated price of $10 apiece.
Inflation is dominating the news. While the price of everyday goods, including food and energy—naturally—grab the headlines, the ever-interesting Visual Capitalist reminds us of the other forms inflation within the economic system that impact our lives.
The first is monetary inflation, which occurs when the U.S. money supply increases over time. This represents both physical and digital money circulating in the economy including cash, checking accounts, and money market mutual funds. In the U.S. the Federal Reserve typically influences the money supply by printing money, buying bonds, or changing bank reserve requirements. The Fed controls the money supply in order to boost the economy or tame inflation and keep prices stable.
Nobel Laureate Milton Friedman once posited that "inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon." That's because, in theory at least, increasing the money supply faster than the growth in real output may cause consumer price inflation (# 2 below); more money chasing the same amount goods should eventually lead to increases in prices.
Next is consumer price inflation ("CPI"), which occurs when the prices of goods and services actually increase. It is typically measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), which shows the average price increase of a basket of goods, such as food, clothing, and housing. Supply chain issues, geopolitical events, monetary supply, and consumer demand may all affect CPI. When CPI is persistently increasing at rate above 2% per annum, the Fed may increase interest rates to curtail spending and allow prices to cool down, and vice versa.
Lastly, asset price inflation ("API") represents the price increase of stocks, bonds, real estate, and other financial assets over time. One measure of API is the ratio of household net worth to GDP. Often, a low interest rate climate creates a favorable environment for asset prices by lowering the total cost of asset ownership. This has been evident over the past decade as low rates were met with rising asset prices. In 2021, household net worth as a percentage of GDP stood at 620%. Rising asset prices can sometimes be a misleading sign of a strong economy since no real output is produced—the stock market is not the economy. Instead, it may indicate an asset bubble, which is dangerous because it contributes to rising inequality (as typically the very rich own the vast majority of economic assets). But when bubbles burst, the government has to step in with taxpayers' (i.e., everyone's) money to save the economy (and thereby the rich). The moral hazards in a laissez-faire capitalistic system can give rise to demagoguery.
In 1973, the U.S. Supreme Court legalized abortion in all 50 states in a seminal case called Roe v. Wade that quickly became a heated cultural divide in the U.S. Last week, after nearly 50 years, the conservative-majority Supreme Court overed turned Roe vs Wade, returning authority on abortion back to individual states. Justice (and history fan) Samuel Alito, writing for the majority, reasoned "abortion presents a profound moral question...the Constitution does not prohibit the citizens of each State from regulating or prohibiting abortion. Roe and Casey arrogated that authority. We now overrule those decisions and return that authority to the people and their elected representatives.”
Ok, abortion is a hot-button issue and both sides have their points. But there may be another interesting angle to this topic...crime. In 2001 economist Steve Levitt published his (most?) famous paper linking abortions to reductions in crime: "Understanding Why Crime Fell in the 1990s." From 1991 to 2001, violent crime in the U.S. fell more than 30%, after rising for three decades and Levitt wanted to understand why, explains Steve Dubner and Levitt's Freakonomics co-author in a Medium post:
Levitt explored all the commonly suggested reasons his 2001 paper...The six factors that, according to [his] analysis, did not contribute to the crime drop: a strengthening economy; the aging of the population; innovative policing strategies; gun control laws; right to carry laws; and the increased use of capital punishment. While each of these, in theory, might seem to have some explanatory power, Levitt found that none of them did...Then there were the factors he found did contribute: the increase in the number of police; an increase in the number of criminals imprisoned; and the decline of the crack-cocaine trade, which had been unusually violent. But these three factors could explain only about half of the massive drop in crime. It was as if there was some mysterious force that all the politicians and criminologists and journalists weren’t thinking about at all..."
"...Paging through the Statistical Abstract of the United States...[Levitt] saw a number that shocked him. Abortion rose so much after Roe v. Wade that by its peak (in 1990), there were 1.5 million abortions a year in the U.S. compared to 4 million live births. The magnitude surprised Levitt, and he wondered what sort of secondary effects it might have. He wondered, for instance, if it might somehow be connected to the huge drop in crime. Levitt spent a few weeks working on the idea before ultimately deciding it didn’t quite add up."
But then one of Levitt’s collaborators, John Donohue, a professor of law at Stanford Law School who also has a PhD. in economics, pointed out the "unwantedness” factor—the expansive literature showing that "children born to parents who didn’t truly want that child, or weren’t ready for that child, were more likely to have worse outcomes as they grew up; not only were health and education outcomes worse, but these so-called “unwanted” kids were disproportionately likely to engage in criminal behaviors."
Levitt and Donohue divided states into three groups: high abortion-rate states, medium abortion-rate states, and low abortion-rate states and tracked crime in all three groups over time. They found there was a 30% difference in what had happened to crime between the highest abortion states and the lowest abortion states by 1997 and through other similar tests concluded that "legalized abortion appears to account for as much as 50% of the recent drop in crime."
The paper generated a lot of buzz in the mainstream media and managed to unite to both the Right and Left in their...condemnation of the results. The Right was uneasy because the findings suggested there were positive outcomes from what they considered a reprehensible act; and the Left felt it was endorsing a form of eugenics and Minority Report-style "pre-crime" judgement.
There have been other criticisms of the paper on methodological grounds, but even in a recent update to the paper, Levitt and Donohue continue to find a strong relationship between abortion and crime between 1997 and 2014 — "states with high abortion rates saw crime rates fall 60 percent more than states with the lowest abortion rates. The magnitude of the effect is enormous." According to Levitt, the “cumulative effect over the last 30 years, if you just look at our numbers, suggests that abortion might explain something like 80 or 90 percent of the entire decline in crime.”
We'll see what the next update of the paper in 20 years or so finds.
As we wrote yesterday, CPI was up 8.6% year-on-year ("YoY") in May---the fastest pace in 40 years. A significant driver of headline inflation was record gas prices, though core CPI (excluding volatile food and energy components) was also worse than expected, rising 6.0% YoY. While core CPI may be a better measure for policy making, food and energy prices impact people more urgently and intensely. Energy costs are 34.6% higher compared to a year ago, driven by a nearly 50% jump in gas prices. As a result, the typical US household is spending about $460 more every month than they did last year to purchase the same basket of goods and services. AAA's tracking of gas prices shows the price of a gallon of regular gas nationwide was over $5.00 for the first time on June 12, 2022. (Click chart to enlarge)
California had the highest average gas prices at $6.43/gallon, while Georgia had the lowest at $4.48/gallon. Nearly half the states average gas prices of $5.00/gallon or more. Higher fuel costs are making travel, food and other products more expensive across the economy.
Higher energy prices are supposed to reduce demand, but there's no sign yet of the so-called "demand destruction." Road travel in the busy summer season has remained relatively strong, just a couple of percentage points below pre-pandemic levels. That just means inflation, which was supposed to have peaked in April, will likely continue to go up.
When people think of the Indian Subcontinent, they think of, well, India, and secondarily Pakistan, two rival nuclear powers. Often lost in the mix is another populous country with a long, shared, and bloody history: Bangladesh.
The end of British colonialism in India was associated with a rushed and botched partition of the country by Viceroy Mountbatten (better known to Americans as Prince Charles' ambitious uncle in Netflix's The Crown). In any case, at the stroke of midnight on August 15, 1947, two countries were born: Hindu-majority India, and Muslim-majority Pakistan. Pakistan itself was divided into two parts, East and West, separated by over a thousand miles (the two green sections, as shown below). In 1971, Bangladesh declared its independence from the richer and more powerful (West) Pakistan.
Robots can do a lot, from building cars in factories to sorting items in warehouses, and even patrolling streets. But until very recently there were some, almost basic, things robots could not do...like picking apples from a tree. A Guardian article finds advances in robotics now have the potential to transform agriculture.
While picking fruits is a simple thing for humans, developing a robotic implement that can "pick an apple and drop it into a bin without damaging it is a multimillion-dollar effort that has been decades in the making." Teams around the world, including Joe Davidson's at the Orgon State University, have tried various approaches. Their collective efforts are helping turn "fruit-picking – a backbreaking, time-consuming human task – into one that’s speedy and easier on farm workers." From the Guardian article:
Teaching robots to perform these tasks requires modernized versions of both the orchard and the apple. Traditional orchards, with irregularly shaped trees and giant canopies, are too much of a challenge for algorithms to parse and process. Shifting sunbeams, fog and clouds add to computer vision’s challenges. Tangled, tall old trees are problematic even to human pickers, who end up spending much of their time hauling and positioning ladders, not picking fruit. Now, many growers have transitioned to orchards where trees grow flat against trellises, their trunks and branches at right angles to create a “wall of fruit” (see below) ...the thinner canopy also lets more sunlight in, encouraging fruits to form.
It’s unclear to many farm workers how the robots will affect their livelihood...Across various industries, including agriculture, waves of automation have led to job losses and a devaluing of human work...[but] the emergence of robotic farm workers could even be an opportunity for humans to engage in different – and far less strenuous – work than pruning or harvesting, says Ines Hanrahan, executive director of the Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission. “When you take the physical aspect out, these tasks become more accessible to older workers or those less physically capable of lugging ladders and things. It enables more people to be drawn into this work.”
We'll see. In any case, it's still a while off before farm robots lead a revolution and go from targeting apples to humans.
An imperious defense and dazzling passing helped La Roja to win the World Cup Fewest Goal Conceded in World Cup: 1 Golden Ball (Best Playe...
